TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE AND CREDITS

TYPICAL WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

• Building Age and Earthquake Safety
• Assessing the Existing Condition
• Geological Hazards
• Nonstructural Hazards

STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS AND
STRENGTHENING METHODS

• General Considerations
• No Foundation or Wood Foundation
• Unreinforced Masonry or
  Inadequately Reinforced Concrete Foundations
• Pier and Stilt Foundation
• No Foundation Bolts or Insufficient Ones
• Weak Cripple Walls
• House Over Garage
• Weak Chimney
• Unsecured Water Heater
• Vulnerable Windows
• Inadequate Shear Walls
• Porches, Balconies, and Exterior Stairs
• No Foundation Hold-Down Bolts
• No Column/Beam Connection Ties

PLANNING THE WORK

• Doing Reconstruction Work
• Recommended Procedure
• Hiring Professionals
• Sources of Funds

INFORMATION SOURCES

GLOSSARY

ILLUSTRATIONS

• Typical wood frame house construction.
• Collapse of a garage under the upper floor
  in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake
• Collapse of an unreinforced masonry chimney
• Retrofitting unreinforced masonry foundation by
  partial demolition and replacement
• Houses with unbraced pier footings
• Adding new foundation bolts
• Adding new foundation bolts in tight access areas
• Houses with stilt foundations
• House off its foundation
• House shifted sideways and collapsed
• Strengthening cripple walls
• Bracing garage openings
• Reducing chimney hazards
• Securing water heaters
• Retrofitting a shear wall
• A foundation hold-down detail